Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful neuromodulation therapy targeting the vagus nerve, a key player in the autonomic nervous system. It regulates heart rate, digestion, and inflammation via the gut-brain axis. Invasive VNS, using an implanted pulse generator and electrode, treats refractory epilepsy and treatment-resistant depression, with FDA approval. Non-invasive transcutaneous VNS (tVNS) stimulates […]